Форма акта ввода в эксплуатацию узла учета тепловой энергии: 10.05.2016 N 13855-/04 /

Акты ввода в эксплуатацию и вывода из эксплуатации узла учета тепловой энергии могут быть составлены в произвольной форме, но должны содержать определенную информацию — Новости — Юристy — КонсультантПлюс Свердловская Область

Акты ввода в эксплуатацию и вывода из эксплуатации узла учета тепловой энергии могут быть составлены в произвольной форме, но должны содержать определенную информацию

19 сентября

<Письмо> Минстроя России от 10.05.2016 N 13855-ОД/04

<По вопросу формы акты ввода в эксплуатацию узла учета тепловой энергии>

Акты ввода в эксплуатацию и вывода из эксплуатации узла учета тепловой энергии могут быть составлены в произвольной форме, но должны содержать определенную информацию.

Разъясняется, что Постановлением Госкомстата РФ от 21.01.2003 г. N 7 были утверждены унифицированные формы первичной учетной документации по учету основных средств, в частности, унифицированная форма N ОС-1 «Акт о приеме-передаче объекта основных средств». С 1 января 2013 года формы первичных учетных документов, содержащиеся в альбомах унифицированных форм первичной учетной документации, не являются обязательными к применению. Кроме того, «Правила учета тепловой энергии и теплоносителя», утвержденные Приказом Минтопэнерго России от 12.09.1995 N Вк-4936, содержащие утвержденные формы актов допуска в эксплуатацию узла учета тепловой энергии, также утратили силу.

В настоящее время отсутствует утвержденная форма акта ввода в эксплуатацию узла учета тепловой энергии, следовательно, акт может быть составлен в любом удобном для использования виде и содержать следующую информацию:

дату проведения освидетельствования оборудования узла учета и принятия положительного решения о вводе в эксплуатацию;

место проведения (адрес) обследования;

описание и характеристика условий эксплуатации;

иные примечания и особые отметки.

Акт является неотъемлемой частью договора или контракта на поставку, монтаж, пусконаладку узла учета тепловой энергии. Кроме специальных параметров и показателей, имеющих значение для бесперебойной работы узла учета тепловой энергии, документ может содержать информацию о правилах безопасной эксплуатации, соответствии пожарным и санитарным нормам, правилам охраны труда.

Акт вывода из эксплуатации узла учета тепловой энергии также может быть составлен в произвольной форме с учетом данных выше комментариев.

Обзор подготовлен специалистами компании «Консультант Плюс» и предоставлен компанией «КонсультантПлюс Свердловская область» — информационным центром Сети КонсультантПлюс в г. Екатеринбурге и Свердловской области

 Вернуться к списку новостей 90000 Law of conservation of energy 90001 90002 The 90003 law of conservation of energy 90004 states that energy can neither be created nor destroyed — only converted from one form of energy to another. This means that a system always has the same amount of energy, unless it’s added from the outside. This is particularly confusing in the case of non-conservative forces, where energy is converted from mechanical energy into thermal energy, but the overall energy does remain the same. The only way to use energy is to transform energy from one form to another.90005 90002 The amount of energy in any system, then, is determined by the following equation: 90005 90002 [math] U_ {T} = U_ {i} + W + Q [/ math] 90005 90010 90011 90012 90013 [math] U_T [/ math] is the total internal energy of a system. 90014 90013 [math] U_i [/ ​​math] is the initial internal energy of a system. 90014 90013 [math] W [/ math] is the work done by or on the system. 90014 90013 [math] Q [/ math] is the heat added to, or removed from, the system. 90014 90021 90022 90023 90002 It is also possible to determine the change in internal energy of the system using the equation: [Math] \ Delta U = W + Q [/ math] 90005 90002 This is also a statement of the first law of thermodynamics.90005 90002 While these equations are extremely powerful, they can make it hard to see the power of the statement. The takeaway message is that energy can not be created from nothing. Society has to get energy from somewhere, although there are many sneaky places to get it from (some sources are primary fuels and some sources are primary energy flows). 90005 90002 Early in the 20 90031 th 90032 century, Einstein figured out that even mass is a form of energy (this is called mass-energy equivalence).8 m / s [/ math]. 90014 90021 90022 90023 90048 For Further Reading 90049 90002 To learn more about the physics of the law of conservation of energy, please see hyperphysics or for how this relates to chemistry please see UC Davis’s chem wiki. 90005 .90000 Nuclear fission — Energy Education 90001 90002 Figure 1. A model of a fission reaction of uranium-235. 90003 [1] 90004 Note that this is just one of the many possible fission reactions. 90005 90006 Nuclear fission 90007 is the process of splitting apart nuclei (usually large nuclei). When large nuclei, such as uranium-235, fissions, energy is released. 90003 [2] 90004 So much energy is released that there is a measurable decrease in mass, from the mass-energy equivalence. This means that some of the mass is converted to energy.The amount of mass lost in the fission process is equal to about 3.20 × 10 90003 -11 90004 J of energy. This fission process generally occurs when a large nucleus that is relatively unstable (meaning that there is some level of imbalance in the nucleus between the Coulomb force and the strong nuclear force) is struck by a low energy 90006 thermal neutron 90007. In addition to smaller nuclei being created when fission occurs, fission also releases neutrons. 90014 90005 Enrico Fermi originally split the uranium nuclei in 1934.He believed that certain elements could be produced by bombarding uranium with neutrons. Although he expected the new nuclei to have larger atomic numbers than the original uranium, he found that the formed nuclei were radioisotopes of lighter elements. 90003 [3] 90004 These results were correctly interpreted by Lise Meitner and Otto Frisch over Christmas vacation. To read this charming story about the history of nuclear science please see this article. 90014 90019 Where Does the Energy Come From? 90020 90005 The enormous energy that’s released from this splitting comes from how hard the protons are repelling each other with the Coulomb force, barely held together by the strong force.Each proton is pushing every other proton with about 20 N of force, about the force of a hand resting on a person’s lap. This is an incredibly huge force for such small particles. This huge force over a small distance leads to a fair amount of released energy which is large enough to cause a measurable reduction in mass. This means that the total mass of each of the fission fragments is less than the mass of the starting nucleus. This missing mass is known as the mass defect. 90003 [4] 90004 90014 90005 It is convenient to talk about the amount of energy that binds the nuclei together.All nuclei having this binding energy except hydrogen (which has just 1 proton and no neutrons). It’s helpful to think about the binding energy available to each nucleon and this is called the 90006 binding energy per nucleon 90007. This is essentially how much energy is required per nucleon to separate a nucleus. The products of fission are more stable, meaning that it is more difficult to split them apart. Since the binding energy per nucleon for fission products is higher, their total nucleonic mass is lower.The result of this higher binding energy and lower mass results in the production of energy. 90003 [4] 90004 Essentially, mass defect and nuclear binding energy are interchangeable terms. 90014 90019 Use in Energy Generation 90020 90005 Fission of heavier elements is an exothermic reaction. Fission can release up to 200 million eV compared to burning coal which only gives a few eV. From this number alone it is apparent why nuclear fission is used in electricity generation. Additionally, the amount of energy released is much more efficient per mass than that of coal.90003 [3] 90004 The main reason that nuclear fission is used for electricity generation is because with proper moderation and the use of control rods, the ejected free neutrons from the fission reaction can then go on to react further with the fuel again. This then creates a sustained nuclear chain reaction, which releases fairly continuous amounts of energy. One downside to the use of fission as a method of generating electricity is the resulting daughter nuclei are radioactive. Below is a simulation showing how neutrons in a reactor result in fission events inside a fuel bundle.On the simulation, a red flash inside the fuel rod means a fission event occurred, while a blue flash indicates neutron absorption. 90014 90005 When nuclear fission is used to generate electricity, it is referred to as nuclear power. In this case, uranium-235 is used as the nuclear fuel and its fission is triggered by the absorption of a slow moving thermal neutron. Other isotopes that can be induced to fission like this are plutonium-239, uranium-233, and thorium-232. 90003 [2] 90004 For elements lighter than iron on the periodic table nuclear fusion instead of nuclear fission yields energy.However, currently there is not a method that allows us to access the power that fusion could produce. 90014 90019 References 90020 .90000 11 Different Sources of Alternative Energy 90001 90002 The potential issues surrounding the use of fossil fuels, particularly in terms of climate change, were considered earlier than you may think. It was a Swedish scientist named Svante Arrhenius who was the first to state that the use of fossil fuel could contribute to global warming, way back in 1896. 90003 90002 The issue has become a hot-button topic over the course of the last few decades. Today, there is a general shift towards environmental awareness and the sources of our energy are coming under closer scrutiny.90003 90002 This has led to the rise of a number of alternative energy sources. While the viability of each can be argued, they all contribute something positive when compared to fossil fuels. 90003 90002 Lower emissions, lower fuel prices and the reduction of pollution are all advantages that the use of alternative fuels can often provide. 90003 90002 Here we examine eleven of the most prominent alternative fuel sources and look at the benefits they offer and potential for increased uptake in the coming years.90003 90012 The Best Examples of Alternative Energy Sources 90013 90014 11. Hydrogen Gas 90015 90002 Unlike other forms of natural gas, hydrogen is a completely clean burning fuel. Once produced, hydrogen gas cells emit only water vapor and warm air when in use. 90003 90002 The major issue with this form of alternative energy is that it is mostly derived from the use of natural gas and fossil fuels. As such, it could be argued that the emissions created to extract it counteract the benefits of its use.90003 90002 The process of electrolysis, which is essential for the splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen, makes this less of an issue. However, electrolysis still ranks below the previously mentioned methods for obtaining hydrogen, though research continues to make it more efficient and cost-effective. 90003 90014 10. Tidal Energy 90015 90002 While tidal energy uses the power of water to generate energy, much like with hydroelectric methods, its application actually has more in common with wind turbines in many cases.90003 90002 Though it is a fairly new technology, its potential is enormous. A report produced in the United Kingdom estimated that tidal energy could meet as much as 20% of the UK’s current electricity demands. 90003 90002 The most common form of tidal energy generation is the use of Tidal Stream Generators. These use the kinetic energy of the ocean to power turbines, without producing the waste of fossil fuels or being as susceptible to the elements as other forms of alternative energy. 90003 90014 9.Biomass Energy 90015 90002 Biomass energy comes in a number of forms. Burning wood has been used for thousands of years to create heat, but more recent advancements have also seen waste, such as that in landfills, and alcohol products used for similar purposes. 90003 90002 Focusing on burning wood, the heat generated can be equivalent to that of a central heating system. Furthermore, the costs involved tend to be lower and the amount of carbon released by this kind of fuel falls below the amount released by fossil fuels.90003 90002 However, there are a number of issues that you need to consider with these systems, especially if installed in the home. Maintenance can be a factor, plus you may need to acquire permission from a local authority to install one. 90003 90014 8. Wind Energy 90015 90002 This form of energy generation has become increasingly popular in recent years. It offers much the same benefits that many other alternative fuel sources do in that it makes use of a renewable source and generates no waste.90003 90002 Current wind energy installations power roughly twenty million homes in the United States per year and that number is growing. Most states in the nation now have some form of wind energy set-up and investment into the technology continues to grow. 90003 90002 Unfortunately, this form of energy generation also presents challenges. Wind turbines restrict views and may be dangerous to some forms of wildlife. 90003 90014 7. Geothermal Power 90015 90002 At its most basic, geothermal power is about extracting energy from the ground around us.It is growing increasingly popular, with the sector as a whole experiencing five percent growth in 2015. 90003 90002 The World Bank currently estimates that around forty countries could meet most of their power demands using geothermal power. 90003 90002 This power source has massive potential while doing little to disrupt the land. However, the heavy upfront costs of creating geothermal power plants has led to slower adoption than may have been expected for a fuel source with so much promise.90003 90014 6. Natural Gas 90015 90002 Natural gas sources have been in use for a number of decades, but it is through the progression of compression techniques that it is becoming a more viable alternative energy source. In particular, it is being used in cars to reduce carbon emissions. 90003 90002 Demand for this energy source has been increasing. In 2016, the lower 48 states of the United States reached record levels of demand and consumption. 90003 90002 Despite this, natural gas does come with some issues.The potential for contamination is larger than with other alternative fuel sources and natural gas still emits greenhouse gases, even if the amount is lower than with fossil fuels. 90003 90014 5. Biofuels 90015 90002 In contrast to biomass energy sources, biofuels make use of animal and plant life to create energy. In essence they are fuels that can be obtained from some form of organic matter. 90003 90002 They are renewable in cases where plants are used, as these can be regrown on a yearly basis.However, they do require dedicated machinery for extraction, which can contribute to increased emissions even if biofuels themselves do not. 90003 90002 Biofuels are increasingly being adopted, particularly in the United States. They accounted for approximately seven percent of transport fuel consumption as of 2012. 90003 90014 4. Wave Energy 90015 90002 Water again proves itself to be a valuable contributor to alternative energy fuel sources with wave energy converters. These hold an advantage over tidal energy sources because they can be placed in the ocean in various situations and locations.90003 90002 Much like with tidal energy, the benefits come in the lack of waste produced. It is also more reliable than many other forms of alternative energy and has enormous potential when used properly. 90003 90002 Again, the cost of such systems is a major contributing factor to slow uptake. We also do not yet have enough data to find out how wave energy converters affect natural ecosystems. 90003 90014 3. Hydroelectric Energy 90015 90002 Hydroelectric methods actually are some of the earliest means of creating energy, though their use began to decline with the rise of fossil fuels.Despite this, they still account for approximately seven percent of the energy produced in the United States. 90003 90002 Hydroelectric energy carries with it a number of benefits. Not only is it a clean source of energy, which means it does not create pollution and the myriad issues that arise from it, but it is also a renewable energy source. 90003 90002 Better yet, it also offers a number of secondary benefits that are not immediately apparent. The dams used in generating hydroelectric power also contribute to flood control and irrigation techniques.90003 90014 2. Nuclear Power 90015 90002 Nuclear power is amongst the most abundant forms of alternative energy. It creates a number of direct benefits in terms of emissions and efficiency, while also boosting the economy by creating jobs in plant creation and operation. 90003 90002 Thirteen countries relied on nuclear power to produce at least a quarter of their electricity as of 2015 and there are currently 450 plants in operation throughout the world. 90003 90002 The drawback is that when something goes wrong with a nuclear power plant the potential for catastrophe exists.The situations in Chernobyl and Fukushima are examples of this. 90003 90014 1. Solar Power 90015 90002 When most people think of alternative energy sources they tend to use solar power as an example. The technology has evolved massively over the years and is now used for large-scale energy production and power generation for single homes. 90003 90002 A number of countries have introduced initiatives to promote the growth of solar power. The United Kingdom’s ‘Feed-in Tariff’ is one example, as is the United States » Solar Investment Tax Credit ‘.90003 90002 This energy source is completely renewable and the costs of installation are outweighed by the money saved in energy bills from traditional suppliers. Nevertheless, solar cells are prone to deterioration over large periods of time and are not as effective in unideal weather conditions. 90003 90014 In Conclusion 90015 90002 As the issues that result from the use of traditional fossil fuels become more prominent, alternative fuel sources like the ones mentioned here are likely to gain further importance.90003 90002 Their benefits alleviate many of the problems caused by fossil fuel use, particularly when it comes to emissions. However, the advancement of some of these technologies has been slowed down due to the amount of investment needed to make them viable. 90003 90002 Through combining them all we may be able to positively affect issues like climate change, pollution and many others. 90003 90002 Please do contribute to the discussion below and let us know your thoughts on alternative energy sources in the comments section or by sharing this article on social media.90003 90112 Resources 90113 90002 90003 .90000 Thermal efficiency — Energy Education 90001 90002 Figure 1: The amount of work output for a given amount of heat gives a system its thermal efficiency. 90003 [1] 90004 90005 Heat engines turn heat into work. The 90006 thermal efficiency 90007 expresses the fraction of heat that becomes useful work. The thermal efficiency is represented by the symbol [math] \ eta [/ math], and can be calculated using the equation: 90008 [Math] \ eta = \ frac {W} {Q_H} [/ math] 90005 Where: 90008 90005 [math] W [/ math] is the useful work and 90008 90005 [math] Q_H [/ math] is the total heat energy input from the hot source.90003 [2] 90004 90008 90005 Heat engines often operate at around 30% to 50% efficiency, due to practical limitations. It is impossible for heat engines to achieve 100% thermal efficiency ([math] \ eta = 1 [/ math]) according to the Second law of thermodynamics. This is impossible because some waste heat is always produced produced in a heat engine, shown in Figure 1 by the [math] Q_L [/ math] term. Although complete efficiency in a heat engine is impossible, there are many ways to increase a system’s overall efficiency.90008 90019 An Example 90020 90005 If 200 joules of thermal energy as heat is input ([math] Q_H [/ math]), and the engine does 80 J of work ([math] W [/ math]), then the efficiency is 80J / 200J, which is 40% efficient. 90008 90005 This same result can be gained by measuring the waste heat of the engine. For example, if 200 J is put into the engine, and observe 120 J of waste heat, then 80 J of work must have been done, giving 40% efficiency. 90008 90025 Carnot Efficiency 90026 90027 90028 90029 main article 90030 90031 90032 90005 There is a maximum attainable efficiency of a heat engine which was derived by physicist Sadi Carnot.Following laws of thermodynamics the equation for this turns out to be 90008 [Math] \ eta_ {max} = 1 — \ frac {T_L} {T_H} [/ math] 90005 Where 90008 90005 [math] T_L [/ math] is the temperature of the cold ‘sink’ and 90008 90005 [math] T_H [/ math] is the temperature of the heat reservoir. 90008 90005 This describes the efficiency of an idealized engine, which in reality is impossible to achieve. 90003 [3] 90004 From this equation, the lower the sink temperature [math] T_L [/ math] or the higher the source temperature [math] T_H [/ math], the more work is available from the heat engine.The energy for work comes from a decrease in the total energy of the fluid used in the system. Therefore the greater the temperature change, the greater this decrease in the fluid and thus the greater energy available to do work is. 90003 [4] 90004 90008 90025 For Further Reading 90026 90005 For further information please see the related pages below: 90008 90025 References 90026 90053 90054 ↑ This picture was made by the Energy Education team. 90055 90054 ↑ TPUB Engine Mechanics.(April 4, 2015). 90029 Thermal Efficiency 90030 [Online]. Available: http://enginemechanics.tpub.com/14075/css/14075_141.htm 90055 90054 ↑ Hyperphysics, 90029 Carnot Cycle 90030 [Online], Available: http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/carnot.html 90055 90054 ↑ R. A. Hinrichs and M. Kleinbach, «Heat and Work,» in 90029 Energy: Its Use and the Environment 90030, 4th ed. Toronto, Ont. Canada: Thomson Brooks / Cole, 2006, ch.4, sec.E, pp.115 90055 90068 .